Conditional type 0,1,2

Conditional type 0,1,2

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1.      Zero conditional:

−        When you heat ice, it melts/ if you heat ice, it melts

Form: When/ If + S +  verb in the present simple, S + verb in the present simple

Use: Zero conditional is used to express a fact or a general issue.

2.      Conditional type :“I”:

−        If I have money, I will buy a car.

Form: if + S + Verb in the present simple, S + will + infinitive of the verb

Use: conditional type “I” is used to indicate that something is possible and also very likely to be fulfilled in the future.

3.      Conditional type: “II”:

−        If I had money, I would/ could/ might buy a car.

Form: If + S + Verb in the past simple, S + would/ could/ might ….+ infinitive of the verb

Use: conditional type “II” is used to indicate that something is possible, but very unlikely to be fulfilled at present time.

4.      The difference between “when” and “if” in conditional sentences:

“If” → is used for something that, according to the speaker might happen (he is not sure).

e.g: we can spend the afternoon on the beach if the weather is fine.

 “When” → is used for something that, according to the speaker, will happen (he is sure).

e.g: I will clean up the kitchen right away when I’m back from work.

EXERCISES 

The passive voice

The passive voice

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1)      Use of the passive voice: a)      We use the passive voice when we want to focus on the action rather than who is doing the action. e.g: Three apples are eaten by Ahmed b)      The passive voice is used when what or who causes the action is unknown or unimportant e.g: Three apples are eaten     2)      Active tenses and their passive equivalents: Tenses Active form Passive form Simple present Jane  writes a letter/ letters S A letter is written P  letters are written Present continuous Jane is writing a letter/ letters S A letter is being written P  letters are being written Simple past Jane wrote a letter / letters S A letter was written P Letters were written Past continuous Jane was writing a letter / letters S A letter was being written P Letters were being written Present  perfect simple Jane has written a letter/ letters S A letter has been written P Letters have been written Past perfect simple Jane had written a letter / letters S A letter had been written P Letters had been written future Jane will write a letter/ letters S A letter will be written P Letters will be written 3)      With modals (must, may, should, would, could, might…….) the passive is formed in this way: Modal+ be + the past participle of the verb e.g:  you must pay the bill       the bill must be paid you should respect your teacher    your teacher should be respected 4)      With verbs such as “say, think, believe, assume, show, consider, expect, require….” The passive is formed in two ways : e.g: people say that mobile phones are harmful to children’s health - It is said/ believed/ thought that mobile phones are harmful to children’s health. - Mobile phones are said/ believed/ thought to be harmful to children’s health. EXERCISES

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs

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i.            Verb + object + particle (separable)

a)      Phrasal verbs are separable when they are transitive (when they take a direct object)

e.g: -  count out a person                 count a person out

- he takes off his coat                       he takes his coat off

- he takes in his friend                      he takes his friend in

b)      When a direct object is a pronoun, it must be between the verb and the particle.

e.g:  -  count  him out            /         he takes it off     / he takes him in

c)      Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable:

e.g:  - I’m looking for my glasses

        - I ran into my old friend.

        - my mother looks after the children

                    ii.            Verb + particle (not separable):

 some phrasal verbs are not separable when they are intransitive (they do not take a direct object)

e.g:  - I get up at seven

        -  the plane takes off at eight o’clock

EXERCISES 

Reported speech

Reported speech
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• If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.
  James says, “I eat an apple”. (D.S.)
  James says that he eats an apple”. (I.S.)
• If Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense. the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed.

1. Present Tense in the Direct becomes past tense.
Present tense:  Ahmed said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
past tense: Ahmed said that he wrote a letter. (I.S)

2. Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect.

 Rachid said, “I bought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Rachid said that she had bought a pen the day before. (I.S)

3. Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous.
Jamal said, “I am going to school”. (D.S)
Jamal said that he was going to school. (I.S)

4. Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
Farid said, “I was playing chess with my friend”. (D.S)
Farid said that he had been playing chess with his friend. (I.S)

5. Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have finished my home work”. (D.S)
kamal said that he had finished his home work. (I.S)

6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been writing a short story”. (D.S)
He said that he had been writing a short story. (I.S)

7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to Fes tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to Fes the next day. (I.S)

8. Modals in reported speech :

Direct speech	Indirect speech
can could may might will would must have to shall should	could could  might might would would must/had to had to should should

Farid said, “I must go now”. (D.S)
Farid said that she must (or) had to go then. (I.S)

9. Epressions of time and place in reported speech:

Direct Speech		-		Indirect Speech
now		-		then
here		-		there
this		-		that
these		-		those
ago		-		before
thus		-		so
to-day		-		that day
to-night		-		that night
yesterday		-		the day before (or) the previous day
tomorrow		-		the next day (or) the following day
last week		-		the week before
next week		-		the week after EXERCISES

Articles: the definite and the indefinite

Articles: the definite and the indefinite

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	The definite article: “the” → specific	The indefinite articles: “a / an” → non- specific
	This one / that one	anyone/ one of many
Singular countable nouns	The apple The bird	An apple   A bird
Plural countable nouns	The apples The birds	ᴓ Apples → some apples      ᴓ Birds  →  some birds
Uncountable nouns	The water The milk	ᴓ Water → some water   ᴓ Milk  → some milk

               a/ an → indefinite articles:  

−        “a” is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a consonant: a book/ a student.

−        “an” is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a vowel: an apple/ an orange.

−        “a” and “an” are used with nouns that have not been known before by both the speaker and the listener.

        The → definite article:  “the” is used with singular and plural countable nouns, and uncountable nouns. It is used with nouns which have been known before by both the speaker and the listener.

         No article:

−        Uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns are without articles: a dog → ᴓ dogs/ ᴓ water

−        Sports:   ᴓ football/ ᴓ tennis/ ᴓ basketball……. 

−        Before names of meals:   ᴓ lunch/ ᴓ dinner……

−        Before names of countries and cities: ᴓ Morocco/ ᴓ Rabat……

−        Before names of languages:   ᴓ Arabic/ ᴓ English……

−        Before names of academic subjects:   ᴓ math/ ᴓ  geography/  ᴓ physics

EXERCISES 

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns

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Definition of relative pronoun:

a relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies.  There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In non-restrictive relative clauses, that is used for things. In restrictive relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that can be used for things and people.

	Examples
Restrictive (defining ) relative clauses	Subject	- The girl who/ that sent a letter last week is my sister.	people
		- The dog which/ that bit me was black.	things
	Object	- The girl whom/ who/ that I sent a letter last week is my sister. - The person I phoned last night is my teacher.	people
		- The book which/ that I am reading is boring. - The book I am reading is boring.	things
	Possessive	- The man whose car is new is my teacher.	people
		- The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked.	things
Non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clauses	Subject	- James, who has helped my sister with maths for years, has left school.	people
		- Fruits, which are really cheap in Morocco, can be bought now  for a reasonable price.	things
	Object	- The professor, whom/who I respect, has just retired.	people
		- The sculpture, which he admired, was moved into the basement of the museum.	things
	Possessive	- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.	people
		- The chair, whose leg was broken, was stolen by a student.	things

EXERCISES